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卡内基梅隆大学毕业照展示
最近对蜜蜂健康的挑战，包括由于蜂群崩溃失调而造成的显著的蜂群损失，已经摧毁了全世界的蜜蜂种群。
但是造成损失的一个代理还没有被确定。
关于殖民地衰落的新想法仍在浮现。
目前，蜜蜂研究人员认为这种令人震惊的损失可能是多种蜜蜂病原体与慢性应激因素重叠的产物，包括营养不良、病原体负荷增加以及群体劳动力之间缺乏遗传多样性。
美国和荷兰的研究人员在《公共科学图书馆·综合》杂志上发表文章说，蜜蜂群落的丧失已导致人们对与这些重要授粉者有关的微生物群落的兴趣增加。
他们写道，一种关键的功能细菌对蜜蜂的宿主起作用，但有一种很难理解，它是工人收集的花粉转化成蜂面包，一种营养食品，可以长期储存在蜂群中。
研究人员使用核糖体RNA焦磷酸测序在遗传多样性和遗传均匀的蜂群中鉴定活性物质。
在蜜蜂、它们的消化道和蜜蜂面包中发现的细菌群落。
他们说，这种方法提供了过去关于蜜蜂相关微生物群落的内容和益处的研究没有揭示的见解。
灵的环境和由几种以前从未与蜜蜂有过联系的厌氧细菌所支配，但以它们被人类用来发酵食物而闻名。
由于蜂王交配行为极其混乱，具有遗传多样性的工人种群的群从gr中受益。
食用微生物的多样性、减少的病原体负荷和增加有益细菌的丰度，特别是来自潜在益生菌属的双歧杆菌的物种。
在所有菌落中，双歧杆菌的活性与包括病原菌的属的活性呈负相关。
这种关系为理解微生物是否为蜜蜂提供保护性益处提供了一个可能的目标。
蜂群内多样性以对蜂群功能和健康有重要影响的方式塑造了与蜜蜂相关的微生物群。
我们的研究结果阐明了蜜蜂-细菌共生的重要性，并检验了它们与营养、病原体负载和遗传di的交叉点。
是影响蜜蜂衰败的关键因素。
Environmental groups have often criticised the farming of genetically engineered fish because of the environmental risks, human health impacts and welfare of breeding certain forms of unnaturally fast-growing fish.
But scientists at Sweden’s University of Gothenburg are now working to determine whether these risks are outweighed by the benefits of a new strand of ‘super-transgenic’ fish.
Its researchers are currently focusing on one central question regarding transgenic fish: what effect will these genetically modified organisms have on the environment if they escape?They are being funded by the EU’s Marie Curie research spending programme, with their ‘ecological risk-assessment of transgenic salmon (ERATS)’ project costing EUR202,600 (US$300,000).
It aims to determine the effects transgenic fish would have on wildlife, the environment, and even human beings, if they were to escape into the wild.
While these specimens have had their genes altered to increase growth rates and make them more resistant to disease, the researchers fear that should they escape and breed with natural fish, the resulting fry could have genetic health problems.
“Until further notice, transgenic fish should be bred in closed systems on land,” says Dr Fredrik Sundström, the lead researcher for ERATS and a faculty member from the department of zoology at the University of Gothenburg.
“Based on our current level of knowledge, we are still uncertain as to the effects of transgenic fish should they enter nature.
”According to Dr Sundström, there has yet to be a definitive answer determined from the research.
“Of course any escaped fish will have some sort of impact but the question is to what extent and when does it become relevant,” he said in an interview with University World News.
“For one thing, would it have any larger impact than the corresponding wild-type fish? There are still many questions to answer before I can say yes or no.
”Janet Cotter, a senior scientist for Greenpeace International, considers the research and assessment project a progressive step but doubts that researchers will be making any breaking discoveries.
“We would prefer to see a precautionary principle employed but you can’t determine all of these risks,” Cotter said.
She acknowledged the EU’s approach was interesting but there had already been previous research that determined genetically modified fish had a serious effect on the environment.
“There is a high potential for eco-system disruption,” she said.